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hate group : ウィキペディア英語版
hate group

A hate group is an organized group or movement that advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, nation, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation or any other designated sector of society. According to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a hate group's "primary purpose is to promote animosity, hostility, and malice against persons belonging to a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin which differs from that of the members of the organization."〔"Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines", ''Uniform Crime Reporting: Summary Reporting System: National Incident-Based Reporting System'', U.S. Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Revised October 1999.〕 Scholars find it difficult to define the term ''hate group'' and "whether a particular group is to be classified as a hate group is sometimes in the eye of the beholder."
In the US, two private organizations that monitor intolerance and hate groups are the Anti-Defamation League (ADL)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ADL: Fighting Anti-Semitism, Bigotry and Extremism )〕 and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SPLCenter.org...forwarding to index.jsp )〕 They maintain lists of what they deem to be hate groups, supremacist groups and anti-Semitic, anti-government or extremist groups that have committed hate crimes. The SPLC's definition of a "hate group" includes any group with beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people - particularly when the characteristics being maligned are immutable.〔(Hate Map ) - SPLC〕 However, at least for the SPLC, inclusion of a group in the list "does not imply a group advocates or engages in violence or other criminal activity."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Hate Map )〕 According to the SPLC, from 2000 to 2008, hate group activity saw a 50 percent increase in the US, with a total of 926 active groups.〔 See "The Year in Hate" Southern Poverty Law Center, February 2009.〕
The FBI does not publish a list of hate groups, and "()nvestigations are conducted only when a threat or advocacy of force is made; when the group has the apparent ability to carry out the proclaimed act; and when the act would constitute a potential violation of federal law."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Frequently Asked Questions )〕 The organization maintains statistics on hate crimes.〔
==Violence and hate crimes==

Four categories associated with hate groups' propensity for violence are: organizational capacity, organizational constituency, strategic connectivity, and structural arrangement. The larger an extremist group is and the longer it has existed, the more prone the group is to engage in violence. Regionally, hate groups based in the West and Northeast are more likely to engage in violence than those based in the South. If a group has a charismatic leader, it is more likely to be violent. Groups that share a conflict-based relationship with another group are more likely to engage in extreme violence. The amount of ideological literature a group publishes is linked to significant decreases in a group's violent behavior, with more literature linked to lower levels of violence.
Violent hate groups tend to commit "downward crimes," which involve the persecution of a minority group by a more powerful majority. By contrast, acts of terrorism are typically "upward crimes," with a low-power minority perpetrator targeting a more prominent majority group. There is no evidence suggesting that hate crimes precede terrorism; in fact, hate crimes tend to take place as retaliation following terrorist attacks, especially when the attack was on a core piece of American identity or ideology.
The California Association for Human Relations Organizations (CAHRO) asserts that hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and White Aryan Resistance (WAR) preach violence against racial, religious, sexual and other minorities in the United States. Joseph E. Agne argues that hate-motivated violence is a result of the successes of the civil rights movement, and he asserts that the KKK has resurfaced and that new hate groups have formed. Agne argues that it is a mistake to underestimate the strength of the hate-violence movement, its apologists and its silent partners.〔(The Church's Response to Hate-Group Violence )〕
In the US, crimes that "manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, including the crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated assault; burglary; larceny-theft; motor vehicle theft; arson; simple assault; intimidation; and destruction, damage or vandalism of property",
directed at the government, an individual, a business, or institution, involving hate groups and hate crimes, may be investigated as acts of domestic terrorism.〔The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program - Data Quality Guidelines for Statistics - APPENDIX III—A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HATE CRIME PROGRAM ()〕〔Federal Bureau of Investigation - Civil Rights - Hate Crime Overview - The FBI’s Role ()〕〔(Hate Crime Statistics, 2006 )〕〔1999 Developing Hate Crime Questions for the National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS) Pg. 1 〕

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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